1 透層
1．1 透層的作用
    透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是適用(yong)于無機結(jie)合(he)(he)料(liao)(liao)基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)表(biao)面的有機結(jie)合(he)(he)料(liao)(liao)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，用(yong)于一般路段的下面層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)間的層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)問處理(li)。主(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)如(ru)下：(1)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)表(biao)面孑L隙(xi)，增強基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和面層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)間的粘(zhan)結(jie)；(2)有助于結(jie)合(he)(he)基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)表(biao)面集(ji)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)的細料(liao)(liao)；(3)在(zai)完成(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的鋪裝后，適時灑布透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)油還可(ke)以(yi)減少基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的養(yang)生費用(yong)，提高養(yang)生質量；(4)經過(guo)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)油滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)以(yi)后的基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，表(biao)面的開口孔隙(xi)被填(tian)充，從(cong)而得到(dao)(dao)一個(ge)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)深度上(shang)的防(fang)水層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；(5)在(zai)由于某種原因(yin)推(tui)遲(chi)鋪筑面層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的情(qing)況(kuang)下，透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)可(ke)為基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)提供臨時性防(fang)護措施，防(fang)止降雨(yu)和臨時行車的破壞。按規范(fan)要(yao)求(qiu)，透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)油需滲(shen)入到(dao)(dao)基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)5～10 mm以(yi)內，要(yao)經過(guo)充分(fen)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固結(jie)后，才能(neng)在(zai)其上(shang)做粘(zhan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或封(feng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，否則(ze)只(zhi)會(hui)在(zai)基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)表(biao)面形成(cheng)(cheng)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)油膜(mo)，一經車輛行駛或搓動，就很容(rong)易被車輪粘(zhan)走(zou)、卷(juan)皮(pi)或磨掉，不僅起不到(dao)(dao)固結(jie)、聯(lian)結(jie)、封(feng)閉、防(fang)水的作用(yong)，還會(hui)導致上(shang)面瀝青混凝土層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的推(tui)移、脫落(luo)等損壞。

1．2 透層(ceng)的施工工藝(yi)要求

(1)配合比選用。

    滄黃高速公路(lu)選用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)油(you)(you)稀釋9O號瀝青(qing)作為透(tou)(tou)(tou)層材料，有關技(ji)術(shu)指標符合(he)道(dao)路(lu)用(yong)(yong)液體石油(you)(you)瀝青(qing)AL(M)一2標準要(yao)求(qiu)。依據常識，煤(mei)油(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)越(yue)大(da)，滲透(tou)(tou)(tou)效(xiao)果越(yue)好，但(dan)是瀝青(qing)含(han)量(liang)低，就滿足不了(le)透(tou)(tou)(tou)層對基層固結(jie)、穩定、聯結(jie)、防水的(de)作用(yong)(yong)要(yao)求(qiu)，所以合(he)格的(de)產(chan)(chan)品必須同時符合(he)滲透(tou)(tou)(tou)和粘度(du)要(yao)求(qiu)。在生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)煤(mei)油(you)(you)稀釋瀝青(qing)時粘度(du)要(yao)求(qiu)不小于規范(fan)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)最(zui)小值，經過(guo)反(fan)復(fu)的(de)試配(pei)，結(jie)合(he)灑(sa)布效(xiao)果確定配(pei)合(he)比(bi)為，瀝青(qing)：煤(mei)油(you)(you)=58：42(重量(liang)比(bi))。

(2)煤油稀(xi)釋瀝青(qing)的(de)生產。

    由于煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)易(yi)溶(rong)解(jie)瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)，以往經驗是根據(ju)配合比(bi)將瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)加(jia)入煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)中人工(gong)(gong)進行攪拌(ban)，但是這(zhe)樣(yang)煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)與瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)不能充分融合，容易(yi)分離(li)。基于這(zhe)種情況(kuang)，我(wo)們加(jia)工(gong)(gong)制(zhi)作了(le)煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)稀釋瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)攪拌(ban)罐(guan)，為(wei)了(le)防(fang)(fang)止瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)溫度過高造成煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)度揮(hui)發，將瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)溫度加(jia)熱至120 C，瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)與煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)用量(liang)通(tong)過流(liu)量(liang)計控制(zhi)。按配合比(bi)加(jia)入瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)和煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)后，在攪拌(ban)罐(guan)中攪拌(ban)30 min后將成品打入瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)灑布車(che)。為(wei)了(le)防(fang)(fang)止煤(mei)(mei)油(you)(you)與瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)分離(li)，當(dang)天生(sheng)產的成品液(ye)體瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)最好(hao)當(dang)天用完。

(3)煤(mei)油(you)稀(xi)釋瀝(li)青的(de)灑布。

    灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)前，人(ren)工對基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)要做一次徹底的(de)清(qing)掃(sao)(sao)，將(jiang)(jiang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)雜物、浮塵清(qing)除干凈，如有(you)泥土(tu)時，則采用(yong)水車沖洗。對于水泥碎石基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)表面(mian)(mian)粗糙，掃(sao)(sao)帚清(qing)掃(sao)(sao)不(bu)(bu)徹底，則采用(yong)風(feng)力滅火器將(jiang)(jiang)其吹凈。基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)清(qing)掃(sao)(sao)完成后，經檢驗(yan)驗(yan)收合格，用(yong)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)水車向基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)適量(liang)的(de)水濕(shi)潤，以便(bian)煤油稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)更好(hao)地(di)(di)滲入基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)。煤油稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)采用(yong)智能(neng)瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)車作(zuo)業，車中的(de)微電(dian)(dian)腦能(neng)夠準確地(di)(di)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)煤油稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)量(liang)。瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)車以8 km／h的(de)速(su)度勻(yun)速(su)行駛(shi)，灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)作(zuo)業前將(jiang)(jiang)數值輸入電(dian)(dian)腦，灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)作(zuo)業時，電(dian)(dian)腦即可自動(dong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。對于加寬路面(mian)(mian)、橋頭等機(ji)械施工不(bu)(bu)便(bian)的(de)部位，用(yong)該車配備的(de)手(shou)動(dong)噴(pen)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)槍(qiang)進行噴(pen)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)。灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)橋面(mian)(mian)前用(yong)油氈將(jiang)(jiang)護(hu)欄(lan)等部位覆蓋，防止(zhi)污染。煤油稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在既(ji)能(neng)達(da)到滲透效果叉不(bu)(bu)至在表面(mian)(mian)形成油膜為宜，灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)前需對基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)表面(mian)(mian)做細致觀(guan)察，確定灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)量(liang)，防止(zhi)灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)量(liang)過(guo)多出(chu)現流淌或灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)足出(chu)現花白現象，盡量(liang)做到不(bu)(bu)補灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)。根據水泥碎石基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)粗糙程度，灑(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)(sa)布(bu)(bu)(bu)量(liang)一般控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在0．6～0．8 kg／m。。

(4)注意事項。

    根據試配產(chan)(chan)品合(he)格的試驗結(jie)果，結(jie)合(he)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液罐(guan)(guan)的容積，計算出(chu)需要加(jia)入的乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化劑、丁苯(ben)膠(jiao)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(陽(yang)離子)的數量(liang)。當乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液罐(guan)(guan)中水的溫(wen)度達N6o C時(shi)，先(xian)將(jiang)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化劑加(jia)入，通過(guo)攪(jiao)拌器(qi)將(jiang)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化劑充分溶解后(hou)再(zai)加(jia)入丁苯(ben)膠(jiao)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)。所用(yong)7o號重交(jiao)瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)加(jia)熱溫(wen)度不宜太高，一般加(jia)熱溫(wen)度達到(dao)130 C后(hou)即可(ke)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)、乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液的用(yong)量(liang)通過(guo)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化設備的計量(liang)器(qi)控制，乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液和瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)經過(guo)膠(jiao)體(ti)磨研磨后(hou)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)出(chu)的液體(ti)即為(wei)SBR改型乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)出(chu)來(lai)后(hou)，試驗室需對(dui)瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)含量(liang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢測，合(he)格后(hou)將(jiang)改性(xing)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)先(xian)打入成品罐(guan)(guan)后(hou)再(zai)裝(zhuang)車。生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的改性(xing)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)最好當天用(yong)完，因特殊情況沒有(you)用(yong)完的乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)在儲存(cun)罐(guan)(guan)中存(cun)放時(shi)，要不間斷(duan)地煤油(you)稀釋瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)作業(ye)(ye)時(shi)要根據天氣(qi)情況作業(ye)(ye)，遇(yu)大風、降(jiang)雨、路(lu)面潮(chao)濕(shi)時(shi)不得(de)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)灑布作業(ye)(ye)。透(tou)層施(shi)工完成后(hou)封閉交(jiao)通24 h以后(hou)可(ke)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)瀝(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)混凝土(tu)下面層的鋪裝(zhuang)，如果不能及時(shi)施(shi)工，派專人對(dui)施(shi)工的段落進(jin)行(xing)(xing)看護，并設置醒目的標(biao)志，禁止非(fei)施(shi)工車輛通行(xing)(xing)，避免造成污染。